Commodus praises the southern Anatolian city of Boubon for defending the local security and confirms a reward granted by the Lycian council.
Typology (Honorific / Funerary / etc.):
Imperial letter
Original Location/Place:
Discovered at the theatre of Boubon, probably standing on a wall of the orchestra
Actual Location (Collection/Museum):
Reported to have been buried again under the theatre of Boubon (Ibecik, Turkey) to protect it from looters.
Date:
190 CE
Physical Characteristics:
Block, moulded at the top and bottom. Letters have rounded forms and are regularly carved.
Material:
Limestone
Measurements:
Height: 125 centimetres; length: 77 centimetres; depth 77 centimetres. Letters are between 2.40 and 2.30 centimetres tall.
Language:
Greek
Category:
Roman, Greek
Publications:
Kokkinia, Christina, Boubon: the inscriptions and archaeological remains; a survey 2004-2006, Athens: Diffusion de Bocard, 2008 [Schindler, Die Inschriften, no. 2; AE 1973.451].
Keywords in the original language:
Thematic keywords:
Bibliographical references:
In 1972, F. Schindler published this almost intact inscription discovered in the southern Anatolian city of Boubon. The site was again surveyed between 2004 and 2006 and, as result of this campaign, a new epigraphic catalogue was prepared by C. Kokkinia, who reports that the stone lies now probably reburied in the theatre orchestra. Even if our knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the episode is limited, this testimony is extremely interesting for assessing the role of local communities in keeping peace during the Roman imperial period.
The text starts with the genealogical connections of a Roman emperor (Αὐτοκράτωρ/autokratôr,Καῖσαρ/Kaisar) who descended from Marcus Aurelius, Antoninus Pius, Hadrian, Trajan, and even Nerva. As the last direct ruler of the Antonine dynasty, the inscription records the official titulature of Commodus (see Hekster, Emperors and Ancestors, p. 178-183). Like his father, Commodus was bestowed with the triumphal titles Sarmaticus and Germanicus, to which the denominations Maximus and Britannicus were added in 182 and 184, respectively (see Hekster, Commodus,p. 15-67). The series of offices completing the sequence and, particularly, the reference to the 15th tribunician powers enable us to date this inscription precisely to 190 CE. Lines 9 and 10 likewise show us that an imperial letter was carved and that the magistrates (ἄρχοντες/archontes), council (βουλή/boulê), and people (δῆμος/dêmos) of Boubon were the recipients. Both this formula and the use of the infinitive χαίρειν (“to greet”) are expected in the constant correspondence circulating between Rome and the cities in the Greek east. From line 11, the main text of the communication starts and it is concerned with two interconnected events. On the one hand, the emperor is praising the people of Boubon for the zeal (προθυμία/prothymia) and bravery (ἀνδρεία/andreia) in capturing criminals (τῶν λῃστῶν σύνλημψις/ tôn lêstôn synlêmpsis). On the other hand, Commodus is confirming the decision of the Lycian League (τὸ Λυκίων ἔθνος/to Lykiôn ethnos) to upgrade the status of the city as a reward for such noble deeds (ἀνδραγαθημάτα/andragathêmata). This honour (τειμή/teimê) consisted in the addition of a vote in the regional council so that Boubon would be considered “a three-vote-community” (τριψήφοι/tripsêphoi).
According to Strabo (Geography XIV.3), Xanthos, Patara, Pinara, Olympos, Myra and Tlos formed this privileged group controlling the Lycian league since Hellenistic times. This regional institution was restored by Rome during the annexation of the territory under Claudius. By virtue of a large monument commemorating this process – the so-called Stadiasmus Patarensis –, the Lycians “delivered from sedition and lawlessness and bandits through the divine providence (of the emperor) recovered concord and fair justice and the ancestral laws, after entrusting the government from the reckless populace to the councillors chosen among the best.” We can therefore see that the Roman reliance on the Lycian league was deeply concerned with its capacity to keep local security in the new province, especially with regard to the suppression of the brigandage (λῃστεια/lêsteia) appearing in the imperial letter from Boubon too. Accordingly, it is not surprising to find that one of the most important magistracies of this institution was called archiphylachia, a name deriving from the Greek verb φυλάσσω/phylassô (“to protect”). During the imperial period the office was mainly in charge of the collection of taxes for the fiscus (see Brélaz, La securité publique, p. 213-225), but still in the 3rd century CE a man was honoured for having conducted it with all peace (εἰρήνη/eirênê) and piety (εὐσεβεία/eusebeia, IGRR III. 488).
Southern Anatolia, and particularly the Taurus mountains, had traditionally been subject to banditry. Rome was well acquainted with the problems posed by the rough orography of this area; from Pompey’s wars against the pirates to Cicero’s testimony while he was governor of Cilicia and the pacification of Pisidia under Augustus following Amyntas’s bequeath of the kingdom of Galatia (see Mitchell, “Native Rebellion”). Modern studies such as Shaw, Lenski, Feld and Pilhofer have focused on the opposition between mountain and plain that is mostly relevant to the eastern region of Isauria. The reality in Pisidia and northern Lycia was much more nuanced. Strabo distinguished between a list of 12 orderly cities and “other communities also living in the mountains, divided into separate tribes, governed by tyrants, like the Cilicians, and trained in piracy” (Geography XII.7). Consequently, at the beginning of the imperial rule, the distinction in south-western Asia Minor was rather based on the opposition between civic and wild. Our inscription from Boubon shows that the dense urban network existing in this area of the Empire at the end of the Antonine period had not yet completely eliminated such episodes of wilderness. The site of Boubon, located on top of a conical hill reaching over 1000 metres above the sea level, would have therefore been difficult to defend by imperial forces and only the local intervention proved effective.
Rome’s reliance on locals to keep peace in provincial communities was not unprecedented, but rather the norm in Asia Minor. This attitude is best illustrated by the development and expansion of the office of the eirenarchia during the imperial period. Numerous inscriptions record the presence of this local office among the careers of notables not only from many Greek cities of the Anatolian peninsula, but also Roman colonies in Greece such as Philippi (see Brélaz, La securité publique, p. 90-122). Even if these inscriptions are not extremely informative about their role and duties, their appearance in secondary sources such as the novel Ephesiaka (II.13.3-4) and the Martyrdom of St. Conon (XIII.2) sheds light on the ways in which these local officers and their staff could intervene when issues of local security were at stake. Moreover, we know that the Roman governor supervised their appointment from an anecdotal report by Aelius Aristides (L.72-78), which has recently been confirmed by an inscription from Akmoneia (SEG 56.1493; cf. Blanco-Pérez, “C. Claudius Lucianus”). This tight provincial control can be better understood if we take into consideration that communities of Asia Minor had the power of keeping captives in their territories, as corroborated by Pliny’s letter to Trajan concerning the role of public slaves with such duties in Bithynia-Pontus (X.19-20). The Digest also specifies: “the local magistrates (magistratus municipales) had to take care of transferring captured outlaws to the offices (praesidium)of the governor safely and rightly” (11.4.4). In this regard, both Hadrian and Antoninus Pius reformed the way in which the detention reports written by the eirenarchs should be scrutinised (Digest 48.3.6).
Against this background the reference to the capture of brigands in Boubon can be contextualised. Likewise, the maintenance of structures of local security in both this city and the Lycian league proved fundamental for defending the conditions on which Pax Romana could be experienced by the provincial population and extolled by the imperial propaganda. Commodus and his entourage were well aware of this delicate balance, so it should now be no wonder that the spectacular upgrade of Boubon’s status was confirmed as a reward for their heroic actions.